Effect of a single resistance exercise session on inflammatory markers and oxidative stress in women living with HIV / Efeito de uma única sessão de exercício resistido sobre marcadores inflamatórios e estresse oxidativo em mulheres vivendo com hiv

ABSTRACT People living with HIV (PLH), who use antiretroviral therapy (ART), are more susceptible to changes in the inflammatory profile and oxidative stress, and women have greater access to ART. Although physical exercise is a complementary strategy to treatment due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, it is not clear whether acute responses to exercise can be harmful to PLH. The aim of the study was to investigate the acute effect of resistance exercise (RE) on inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in PLH. Ten women, using ART, performed RE session consisting of seven exercises for the whole body. For biochemical evaluation, blood samples were collected before (pre), 1 hour (1h) and 2 hours (2h) after the RE session. One-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's post hoc test was used to compare results between time points. There was an increase only in markers, GSSG of 160% (pre: 0.40 ± 0.11; 1h: 1.18 ± 0.36; 2h: 1.04 ± 0.25 mmol/g), TNF-α of 98 % (pre: 4.60 ± 0.55; 1h: 6.95 ± 0.77; 2h: 9.10 ± 1.03 pg/ml) and 52% IL-6 (pre: 2.47 ± 0 .67; 1h: 3.63 ± 1.26; 2h: 5.38 ± 2.15 pg/ml). The other variables remained unchanged (P > 0.05). It is concluded that a RE session increased the levels of inflammatory markers and oxidative stress in PLH in a non-exacerbated way.

RESUMO Pessoas vivendo com HIV (PVH), que utilizam a terapia antirretroviral (TARV), são mais suscetíveis a alterações no perfil inflamatório e estresse oxidativo, sendo que as mulheres possuem maior acesso à TARV. Embora o exercício físico seja uma estratégia complementar ao tratamento devido aos seus efeitos antioxidantes e anti-inflamatórios, não está claro se as respostas agudas ao exercício podem ser prejudiciais às PVH. O objetivo do estudo foi investigar o efeito agudo de exercícios com pesos (EP) sobre marcadores inflamatórios e de estresse oxidativo em PVH. Dez mulheres, em uso da TARV, realizaram uma sessão de EP constituída por sete exercícios para o corpo todo. Para avaliação bioquímica, amostras de sangue foram coletadas antes (pré), 1 hora (1h) e 2 horas (2h) após a sessão de EP. A ANOVA one-way seguida do teste post hoc de Bonferroni foi utilizada para comparação dos resultados entre os momentos. Houve aumento apenas nos marcadores, GSSG de 160% (pré: 0,40 ± 0,11; 1h: 1,18 ± 0,36; 2h:1,04 ± 0,25 mmol/g), TNF-α de 98% (pré: 4,60 ± 0,55; 1h: 6,95 ± 0,77; 2h: 9,10 ± 1,03 pg/ml) e IL-6 de 52% (pré: 2,47 ± 0,67; 1h: 3,63 ± 1,26; 2h: 5,38 ± 2,15 pg/ml). As demais variáveis permaneceram sem alterações (P > 0,05). Conclui-se que uma sessão de EP aumentou os níveis de marcadores inflamatórios e estresse oxidativo em PVH de forma não exacerbada.

Clinical performance of resin composite restorations placed by dental students: a retrospective, cross-sectional, and observational study

Aim: A retrospective, cross-sectional study was carried out to evaluate the performance of resin composite restorations placed by undergraduate dental students with 1 to 15 years of placement based on dental records. Methods: Four calibrated operators evaluated 498 restorations (anterior and posterior) of 120 patients according to Ryge's validated criteria (USPHS). Results: The criteria that showed the smallest changes between the types of failures were color matching, marginal discoloration and surface texture. Regarding the longevity, the surface texture showed an increase in the frequency of failures from the second time interval (3.1 to 6 years). Higher prevalence of failure was found in class II and III restorations, with secondary caries being the main reason. No significant differences were found for anatomic form, marginal adaptation, and color matching. Class V restorations showed a higher fracture rate with total displacement of the restoration, with no increase in the frequency of fracture over time. Conclusion: High rate of restoration failure was observed, possibly due to the lack of experience and skills of the students. This outcome highlight the need for continuous revision and improvements of teaching practice regarding the development of clinical competences and skills by dental students

Contextual situations in competitions that influence well-being and recovery of Futsal athletes before home official matches

Introduction: contextual variables associated with competitive stress may affect the perception of the well-being and recovery of futsal athletes.Material and Methods : twenty male professional futsal players responded to the Hooper Index (HI) and Total Quality of Recovery Scale (TQR) two hours before eleven official matches. Data were collected on age, predicted game difficulty, distance from the previous game, time interval since the previous game, ranking of the team and opponent, and outcome of the previous game of the team and the opponent (defeat/draw/win). Multivariate logistic regression analysis and the Spearman rank-sum test were used to identify stressors that influenced HI and TQR scores, considering p<0.05.Resultsthe HI was higher in the National League (11.2 ± 2.9 a.u., p<0.005) compared to the State championship (10.0 ± 2.4 a.u.). The DOMS were higher in National League (p<0.001) and games preceded by victory (p<0.005). The HI (r=-0.53, p<0.001), age (r=-0.18, p<0.01), and muscle pain (r = -0.39, p <0.001) correlated with the TQR. The TQR was higher in games preceded by defeat (15.5 ± 1.6) compared to victory (14.6 ± 1.7, p<0.01). The pre-game HI and TQR scores were not significantly different (p>0.05) in games that ended in victory, draw or defeat.Conclusionthe results suggest that the DOMS scores of HI and TQR reported before at home official Futsal games are correlated with contextual factors including the level of championship and outcome of the last game. (AU)

The Salivary Concentration of Chemical Elements in Response to Training Loads in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Athletes / Concentração Salivar de Elementos Químicos em Resposta a Cargas de Treinamento em Atletas de Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu

The saliva analysis by Total Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence (TXRF) for monitoring training loads could be useful due to the ease of sample analysis and a large range of chemical elements can be detected. Twelve BJJ athletes were submitted to 7 weeks of training scheduled with high training loads (weeks 1 to 4) and tapering (weeks 5 to 7). Saliva samples were collected before (Pre), at week 4, and at week 8 (Post), to quantify chemical element concentrations by TXRF. The internal training load was monitored using the session rating of perceived exertion of session (RPE) method for physical and technical tactical training sessions. All the saliva samples presented Phosphorus (P), Sulfur (S), Chlorine (Cl), Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca), Zinc (Zn), Bromine (Br), and Rubidium (Rb) at Pre, 4 weeks and Post time points. Salivary concentrations of Cl, K, Manganese (Mn), Copper (Cu), Br, and Rb significantly decreased in 4 weeks (p<0.05); and K, Cu, and Rb concentration remained at low levels at Post (p<0.05). Medium to large Cohen´s effect sizes for decrements in element concentrations from Pre to 4 weeks was observed for all the elements except Zn. Reduced S concentration at 4 weeks was negatively correlated to high training load period (r=-0.56, p=0.05). The results suggest that BJJ training modulates salivary electrolyte composition and salivary P, S and Rb are correlated with training loads in BJJ athletes. (AU)

A análise de saliva por meio de Fluorescência de Raios-X de Reflexão Total (TXRF) para monitorar cargas de treinamento pode ser útil devido à facilidade de análise da amostra e a ampla variedade de elementos químicos detectados. Doze atletas de BJJ foram submetidos a 7 semanas de treinamento programado com altas cargas de treinamento (semanas 1 a 4) e polimento (semanas 5 a 7). Amostras de saliva foram coletadas antes (Pré), na semana 4 (Meio) e na semana 8 (Pós), para quantificar as concentrações dos elementos químicos por TXRF. A carga interna de treinamento foi monitorada por meio do método de percepção subjetiva de esforço da sessão (PSE) nas sessões de treinamento físico e técnico-tático. Todas as amostras de saliva apresentaram Fósforo (P), Enxofre (S), Cloro (Cl), Potássio (K), Cálcio (Ca), Zinco (Zn), Bromo (Br) e Rubídio (Rb) no momento Pré, 4 semanas e Pós. As concentrações salivares de Cl, K, Manganês (Mn), Cobre (Cu), Br e Rb diminuíram significativamente em 4 semanas (p <0,05); e a concentração de K, Cu e Rb permaneceram em níveis baixos no Pós (p <0,05). Os tamanhos de efeito de Cohen médio a grande para decréscimos nas concentrações de elementos, de Pré a 4 semanas, foram observados para todos os elementos, exceto para Zn. A redução da concentração de S em 4 semanas foi negativamente correlacionada com o período de alta carga de treinamento (r = -0,56, p = 0,05). Os resultados sugerem que o treinamento de BJJ modula a composição eletrolítica salivar e o P, S e Rb salivares estão correlacionados com as cargas de treinamento no BJJ. (AU)

Clinical and radiographic evaluation of a new stain-free tricalcium silicate cement in pulpotomies.

The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the clinical and radiographic success rates of pulpotomies in primary molars using a new stain-free tricalcium silicate cement (Bio-C Pulpo) versus a conventional white MTA (MTA Angelus) as a pulpotomy medicament for primary teeth. Seventy primary teeth in 33 patients were randomly divided into two groups, MTA Angelus (n = 34) and Bio-C Pulpo (n = 36). Clinical and radiographic follow-up examinations were conducted at seven days (except radiographic follow-up), and at one, three, six and 12 months. At 12 months, the clinical success rate of the MTA Angelus group was 100 percent (28 out of 28), and the radiographic success rate was 100 percent (28 out of 28). In comparison, the clinical success rate for the Bio-C Pulpo group was 100 percent (29 out of 29), and the radiographic success rate was 100 percent (29 out of 29). No significant differences were found between the groups at any follow-up evaluation. According to Fisher´s exact test, a significant difference was observed between the pulpotomy agent and tooth discoloration (p < 0.001). The success rates were 100% for the Bio-C Pulpo group, with no case of discoloration, and 10.31% for the MTA Angelus group. Both MTA Angelus and Bio-C Pulp pulpotomy medicaments are appropriate options for pulpotomies in primary teeth, and enable high clinical and radiographic success rates. However, more long-term studies are required to test the new Bio-C Pulpo medicament.

Presença de sintomas depressivos em estudantes de medicina de Buenos Aires/Argentina / Presence of depressive symptoms in medical students from Buenos Aires/Argentina

A depressão é um transtorno mental frequente e vários estudos mostram que os estudantes de medicina são mais suscetíveis. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a presença de sintomas depressivos em estudantes de medicina da Universidade Abierta Interamericana, Buenos Aires. Foi utilizada a pesquisa científica descritiva e transversal em que o Inventário de Depressão de Beck foi utilizado. A normalidade dos dados foi avaliada com o teste de Kolmogórov-Smirnov e os dados foram comparados com o teste T de Student e o teste U de Mann Whitney. As variáveis qualitativas foram comparadas com o teste exato de Fisher. Não houve diferença significativa em idades, níveis de depressão entre homens e mulheres e na distribuição das frequências do ano estudado. O nível leve foi o mais frequente. Os alunos que vivem com amigos têm uma taxa de depressão moderada menor, e os alunos que vivem em hostel têm um índice mais alto. A porcentagem de alunos que nunca fizeram tratamento psicológico é próxima daqueles que nunca receberam tratamento psiquiátrico (AU)

Depression is a frequent mental disorder and several studies show that medical students are more susceptible. The objective was to verify the presence of depressive symptoms among medical students of the Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Buenos Aires. This is a descriptive and crosssectional scientific study using Beck's Inventory of Depression. Data normality was evaluated using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and data were compared with Student's T test and Mann-Whitney U test. Qualitative variables were compared with the exact test of Fisher. There was no significant difference in age and depression levels between men and women. There were also no differences in the distribution of the absolute and relative frequencies of the year studied. The mild level was the most frequent. Students living with friends had a lower rate of moderate depression, and students living in hostel presented a higher index of this level. The percentage of students who have never had psychological treatment is very close to those who never perform psychiatric treatment (AU)

Clinical and radiographic evaluation of a new stain-free tricalcium silicate cement in pulpotomies

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the clinical and radiographic success rates of pulpotomies in primary molars using a new stain-free tricalcium silicate cement (Bio-C Pulpo) versus a conventional white MTA (MTA Angelus) as a pulpotomy medicament for primary teeth. Seventy primary teeth in 33 patients were randomly divided into two groups, MTA Angelus (n = 34) and Bio-C Pulpo (n = 36). Clinical and radiographic follow-up examinations were conducted at seven days (except radiographic follow-up), and at one, three, six and 12 months. At 12 months, the clinical success rate of the MTA Angelus group was 100 percent (28 out of 28), and the radiographic success rate was 100 percent (28 out of 28). In comparison, the clinical success rate for the Bio-C Pulpo group was 100 percent (29 out of 29), and the radiographic success rate was 100 percent (29 out of 29). No significant differences were found between the groups at any follow-up evaluation. According to Fisher´s exact test, a significant difference was observed between the pulpotomy agent and tooth discoloration (p < 0.001). The success rates were 100% for the Bio-C Pulpo group, with no case of discoloration, and 10.31% for the MTA Angelus group. Both MTA Angelus and Bio-C Pulp pulpotomy medicaments are appropriate options for pulpotomies in primary teeth, and enable high clinical and radiographic success rates. However, more long-term studies are required to test the new Bio-C Pulpo medicament.

Salivary levels of Interleukin-6 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha in girls aged 7-17 years practicing volleyball / Niveles salivales de interleucina 6 y factor de necrosis tumoral alfa en niñas de 7 a 17 años que practican voleibol

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the salivary concentrations of Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNFalfa) and correlate the findings with the caries index, body mass index (BMI), potency of lower limbs (vertical jump), cardiorespiratory fitness, and risk of developing cardiovascular diseases in girls practicing volleyball. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Two studies were performed: 1) a cross-sectional study (n = 120) on the association of IL-6 and TNFalfa with the caries index, anthropometric measures, physical tests, and experience in volleyball practice; 2) longitudinal study (n = 63) on the effects of 8 weeks of training on salivary IL-6 and TNFalfa in girls with intermediate experience in volleyball and competitive girls. RESULTS: The median levels of IL-6 were 1.98 [1.55-3.11] pg/ml and TNFalfa, 0.46 [0.28-0.59] pg/ml and these did not correlate with the caries index, BMI, training volume, training practice, or cardiovascular risk. A correlation was observed between IL-6 and TNFalfa (r = 0.34; p < 0.001), IL-6 and vertical jump height (r = -0.28, p < 0.005), and TNFα and age (r = 0.33; p < 0.001). After 8 weeks of training, TNFα levels increased in the intermediate and competitive groups (p < 0.05), while IL-6 levels decreased only in the intermediate level group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: the median levels of IL-6 and TNFalfa did not correlate with the caries index, BMI, training volume, experience practice, or cardiovascular risk. Salivary levels of IL-6 were downmodulated in the group with intermediate experience and TNFalfa was upmodulated by training

INTRODUCCIÓN: el objetivo del estudio fue evaluar las concentraciones salivales de interleukina-6 (IL-6) y factor de necrosis tumoral alfa (TNFalfa) y correlacionarlas con el índice de caries, el índice de masa corporal (IMC), potencia muscular de miembros inferiores (salto vertical), la aptitud cardiorrespiratoria y riesgo de desarrollar enfermedades cardiovasculares en niñas que practican voleibol. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: se realizaron dos estudios: 1) un estudio transversal (n = 120) sobre la asociación de IL-6 y TNFalfa con índice de caries, medidas antropométricas, pruebas físicas y experiencia en la práctica de voleibol; 2) estudio longitudinal (n = 63) sobre el efecto de 8 semanas de entrenamiento em IL-6 y TNFalfa salivales en niñas con experiencia intermedia en voleibol y chicas competitivas. RESULTADOS: los niveles medianos de IL-6 fueron 1.98 [1.55 - 3.11] pg/ml y TNFalfa fue 0.46 [0.28 - 0.59] pg/ml y no se correlacionaron con el índice de caries, el IMC, el volumen de entrenamiento, la práctica de entrenamiento y el riesgo cardiovascular. Se observó una correlación entre IL-6 y TNFalfa (r = 0.34; p < 0.001), IL-6 y altura de salto vertical (r = -0.28, p < 0.005), y TNFalfa y edad (r = 0.33; p < 0.001). Después de 8 semanas de entrenamiento, los niveles de TNFalfa aumentaron en los grupos intermedios y competitivos (p < 0.05), mientras que los niveles de IL-6 disminuyeron solo en el grupo intermedio (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIÓN: los niveles medianos de IL-6 y TNFalfa no se correlacionaron con el índice de caries, el IMC, el volumen de entrenamiento, la experiencia práctica y el riesgo cardiovascular. Los niveles salivales de IL-6 se modificaron a la baja en el grupo con experiencia intermedia y el TNFα se moduló al alza mediante el entrenamiento

Dribbling speed along curved paths predicts attacking performance in match-realistic one vs. one soccer games.

This study assessed whether a new, closed-skill dribbling or sprinting task could predict attacking performance in soccer. Twenty-five male players were recruited from the Londrina Junior Team Football Academy in Brazil and asked to either dribble the ball or sprint through five custom circuits that varied in average curvature (0-1.37 radians.m-1). These measures were then validated using a realistic one vs. one competition in which each player acted as attacker or defender in turn (N = 1330 bouts). Sprinting (ICC = 0.96) and dribbling (ICC = 0.97) performances were highly repeatable for individual players. Average dribbling speed decreased non-linearly with increasing circuit curvature (F = 239.5; P < 0.001) from 5.19 ± 0.11 ms-1 on the straightest path to 2.13 ± 0.03 ms-1 on the curviest. Overall, dribbling but not sprinting performance predicted attacking success in the one vs. one competition, explaining more than 50% of the variation in attacking success alone (rp = 0.70; P < 0.001). In conclusion, our new closed-skill dribbling assessment is a valid and reliable protocol to predict a soccer player's success in attacking performance in one vs. one situation, and can be used to identify talented players.

Training aimed at the development of power and physical performance of futsal players / Treinamento direcionado ao desenvolvimento de potência e desempenho físico de jogadores de futsal

Abstract The aim of the study was to analyze the effect of a training period aimed at the development of lower limb power and physical performance of futsal players. The sample consisted of 10 futsal players from a professional team aged 23.70 ± 5.85 years, 72.33 ± 6.01 kg and 174.40 ± 0.05 cm. Players were monitored for a period of 4 training weeks, corresponding to the beginning of the competitive period. During this period, physical training sought to improve lower limb power. At the beginning and end of the training period, the following tests were performed: Squat jump (SJ), Countermovement jump (CMJ), 15-meter speed(Vel_15m) and Futsal Intermittent Endurance Test (FIET).The training load was monitored by the Session Perceived Exertion method.Weeks 1 and 3 presented higher training load than weeks 2 and 4 (p <0.01). In the post-training period, shorter running time in the Vel_15m test (p = 0.04), greater height in SJ (p <0.01) and CMJ (p <0.01) tests, and higher maximal speed in FIET (p = 0.04) were observed. It could be concluded that directing training at the beginning of the competitive season to improve power increases the lower limb power of futsal players, with consequent improvement of speed and the ability to perform intermittent actions at high intensities.

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi analisar o efeito de um período de treinamento direcionado ao desenvolvimento de potência de membros inferiores no desempenho físico de jogadores de futsal. A amostra foi composta por 10 jogadores de futsal de uma equipe profissional com 23,70 ± 5,85 anos,72,33 ± 6,01 kg e 174,40 ± 0,05 cm. Os jogadores foram monitorados por um período de 4 semanas de treinamento, correspondente ao início do período competitivo. Neste período, o treinamento físico buscouaperfeiçoar a potência de membros inferiores. No início e ao término do período, foram realizados os testes: Squat jump (SJ), Countermovemt jump (CMJ), velocidade de 15 metros (Vel_15m) e Futsal Intermitente Endurance Test (FIET). A carga de treinamento foi monitorada pelo método da percepçãosubjetiva de esforço da sessão. As semanas 1 e 3 apresentaram maior CTST que as semanas 2 e 4 (p < 0,01). No momento pós treinamento, observou-se menor tempo de corrida no teste de Vel_15m (p = 0,04), maior altura nos testes SJ (p < 0,01) e CMJ (p < 0,01), e maior velocidade no FIET (p = 0,04). Pode-se concluir que direcionar o treinamento no início da temporada competitiva para melhorada potência proporciona incremento na potência de membros inferiores de jogadores de futsal, com consequente melhora da velocidade e na capacidade de realizar ações intermitentes em alta intensidade.

Candidíase Orofaríngea em Pacientes Submetidos a Radioterapia para Câncer de Cabeça e Pescoço: Revisão de Literatura / Oropharyngeal Candidiasis in Patients Undergoing Radiotherapy for Head and Neck Cancer: Literature Review

Candidiasis is closely related to patients undergoing head and neck radiotherapy due to the immunosuppressive state, induced xerostomia, mucositis and difficulties in establishing adequate oral hygiene. Therefore, the aim of this study was to discuss the relationship between candidal infections and the radiotherapy of the head and neck region, based on available scientific literature. In order to identify the studies included or considered in this study, a search strategy was carried out for the following databases: SCOPUS, Web of Science and PubMed. Inclusion criteria were publications that addressed key words: Candida spp. of the oral cavity and head and neck cancer. Therefore, this work exposes the necessity for studies relating candidal infections with radiotherapy treatment of the head and neck region. However, it is possible suggest that colonization and infection by Candida spp. can be increased by radiotherapy. Additionally, it can be suggested that patients irradiated at the head and neck region should be periodically investigated for the presence of pathogenic yeasts in the oral cavity, followed by greater care with oral hygiene and nutrition.(AU).

A candidíase está intimamente relacionada com pacientes submetidos a radioterapia de cabeça e pescoço devido ao estado imunossupressor, xerostomia induzida, mucosite e dificuldades no estabelecimento de higiene bucal adequada. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi discutir a relação entre infecções por Candida spp. e a radioterapia da região da cabeça e pescoço, com base na literatura científica disponível. Para identificar os estudos incluídos ou considerados neste estudo, foi realizada uma estratégia de busca para os seguintes bancos de dados: SCOPUS, Web of Science e PubMed. Os critérios de inclusão foram publicações que abordavam as palavras-chave: Candida spp. da cavidade oral e câncer de cabeça e pescoço. Desta forma, este trabalho expõe a necessidade de estudos relacionados às infecções por Candida spp. com tratamento de radioterapia da região da cabeça e pescoço. No entanto, podemos sugerir que a colonização e a infecção por Candida spp. pode ser aumentada por radioterapia. Além disso, pode-se sugerir que os pacientes irradiados na região da cabeça e pescoço devem ser investigados periodicamente quanto à presença de leveduras patogênicas na cavidade bucal, seguido de maiores cuidados com higiene bucal e nutrição. (AU).

Salivary levels of SIgA and perceived stress among dental students / Imunoglobulina A salivar e fatores de estresse em estudantes de odontologia

Background: Academic stress may impair mucosal immunity and expose dental students to an increased risk of infections. Objective: to assess stress scores in dental students and their relationship with variation in SIgA levels. Methods: All students (n = 289) were invited to take part of the study, and 207 (71.63%) effectively participated, being 152 (73.4%) females. At the day of data collection, the students answered The Dental Environmental Stress Questionnaire (DES) and unstimulated saliva samples were collected for determination of salivary flow rate and SIgA concentration and secretion rate. Results: Mean DES scores were higher in females (78.97 ± 16.42), but no correlations between the sum of DES scores and salivary parameters were observed (P=0.08). A moderate inverse relationship was observed between SIgA secretion rates and the subscales Academic Performance (P=0.01), Interpersonal relationships (P=0.02) and Difficulties and Insecurities about Professional Future (P=0.05). A weak correlation was found between SIgA concentration and the items Amount of assigned classwork (P=0.02), Lack of confidence in self to be a successful dentist (P=0.01), Lack of time for relaxation (P=0.01), Financial responsibilities (P=0.02) and Personal physical health (P=0.005). Weak correlations between SIgA secretion rates and DES items were also found for Lack of cooperation by patient in their home care (P=0.003), Patients being late or not showing up for their appointments (P=0.02), Lack of self confidence to be a successful dentist (P=0.008), Personal physical health (P=0.019), and others. Conclusion: Different sources of stress were observed among first to fifth year students and some of these stressors may negatively impact on salivary SIgA secretion. (AU)

Introdução: o estresse acadêmico pode prejudicar a imunidade das mucosas e expor os estudantes de odontologia a um maior risco de infecções. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os fatores de estresse em estudantes de odontologia e sua relação com a variação nos níveis de SIgA. Metodologia: Todos os alunos (n = 289) foram convidados a fazer parte do estudo, dos quais 207 (71,63%) participaram efetivamente, sendo 152 (73,4%) do sexo feminino. No dia da coleta de dados, os alunos responderam ao Questionário de Estresse no Ambiente Odontológico (DES) e foram coletadas amostras de saliva não estimuladas para determinação da taxa de fluxo salivar, da concentração de SIgA e da taxa de secreção. Resultados: os escores do DES foram maiores no gênero feminino (78,97 ± 16,42), mas não foram observadas correlações entre a soma dos escores DES e os parâmetros salivares (P = 0,08). Observou-se uma relação inversa moderada entre as taxas de secreção de SIgA e as subescalas Desempenho Acadêmico (P = 0,01), Relações Interpessoais (P = 0,02) e Insegurança em relação ao futuro profissional (P = 0,05). Uma correlação fraca foi encontrada entre a concentração de SIgA e os itens quantidade de trabalho exigido em sala de aula (P = 0,02), falta de autoconfiança para ser um dentista de sucesso (P = 0,01), falta de tempo para relaxar ou para lazer (P = 0,01), responsabilidades financeiras (P = 0,02) e saúde física pessoal (P = 0,005). Também foram encontradas correlações fracas entre as taxas de secreção de SIgA e os itens DES para falta de cooperação por parte do paciente em seus cuidados (P = 0,003), Atraso ou falta de pacientes nas consultas (P = 0,02), falta de autoconfiança para ser um dentista bem sucedido (P = 0,008), saúde física pessoal (P = 0,019) e outros. Conclusão: diferentes fontes de estresse foram observadas entre os estudantes do primeiro ao quinto ano e alguns desses fatores podem afetar negativamente a secreção de SIgA. (AU)

Predicting the defensive performance of individual players in one vs. one soccer games.

The aim of this study was to use technical skill and physical performance and coaches' rankings to predict the defensive performance of junior soccer players. Twenty-one male players (mean age 17.2 years, SD = 1.1) were recruited from the Londrina Junior Team Football Academy in Brazil. Data were collected during regular training sessions. After participants had warmed up, players were asked to either dribble the ball or sprint through five custom circuits that varied in average curvature (0-1.37 radians.m-1). In addition, four coaches were asked to rank the players from best to worst in defensive ability. Dribbling, sprinting, and coaches' rankings were then compared with defending performance as assessed in the one vs. one competitions (N = 1090 paired-trials: 40-65 trials per individual), in which they acted as defender or attacker in turn. When defending, the objective was to steal the ball or prevent the attacker from running around them with the ball into a scoring zone. Testing occurred over three days. Overall, dribbling performance (r = 0.56; P = 0.008) and coaches' ranking (r = 0.59; P = 0.004) were significantly related to defensive ability; sprinting performance was not (r = 0.20; P = 0.38). Though dribbling performance and coaches' ranking each explained 30% and 37% of the variance in defensive performance, respectively, the two predictors were not related (r = 0.27; P = 0.23), so combined these traits explained more than half the variance in defensive performance. In conclusion, the current study demonstrates that including only one metric of closed-skill performance-dribbling speed-doubles the ability of coaches to identify their best defensive players in one vs. one scenarios.

Os efeitos do farelo de aveia e da farinha de soja na resposta imune humoral de ratos alimentados com dieta hipercolesterolêmica / The effects of oat bran and soy flour on humoral immune response in rats fed hypercholesterolaemic diets

Estudos anteriores têm demonstrado os efeitos sobre o sistema imune e sobre os níveis de colesterol da dieta com fibra solúvel e proteína de soja em ratos. Nesse estudo, nós avaliamos os efeitos do farelo de aveia e da farinha de soja na resposta imune humoral de ratos Wistar tratados com dietas hipercolesterolêmicas. Os animais (6 grupos) foram alimentados com diferentes dietas por 6 semanas e inoculados duas vezes com antígeno (IgY). As amostras de plasma foram coletadas após cada inoculação e os níveis de anticorpos anti-IgY (IgM, IgG1 e IgG2a) foram avaliados por ELISA. Os animais que receberam 1% de colesterol apresentaram um aumento de IgG1 anti-IgY e uma redução de IgM e IgG2a anti-IgY em relação aos animais controle. Estes efeitos foram anulados em animais alimentados com 1% de colesterol e farelo de aveia ou aveia + proteína de soja, mas não em animais alimentados com 1% de colesterol e proteína de soja. As dietas contendo 1% de colesterol resultaram em lesões hepáticas e aumentaram o peso relativo do fígado e do baço, mas não afetaram o perfil lipídico, o ganho de peso e o consumo de alimentos ou eficiência na conversão alimentar. Em conclusão, uma dieta com alto teor de colesterol influencia na produção de classes de anticorpos em resposta a um antígeno de forma que pode ser revertida pelo farelo de aveia.

Previous studies have demonstrated the immunological and hypercholesterolaemic effects of soluble dietary fibre and soy protein in rats. In this study, we evaluated the effects of oat bran and soy flour on humoral immune response in Wistar rats fed hypercholesterolaemic diets. Animals (6 groups) fed with different diets for 6 wks were inoculated twice with antigen (IgY). Plasma samples were collected after each inoculation and anti-IgY antibody (IgM, IgG1 and IgG2a) levels were evaluated by ELISA. Animals receiving 1% cholesterol presented an increase in anti-IgY IgG1 and a reduction in anti-IgY IgM and IgG2a relative to control animals. These effects were abrogated in animals fed 1% cholesterol and oat bran or oat bran+soy protein, but not in animals fed 1% cholesterol and soy protein. Diets containing 1% cholesterol resulted in hepatic lesions and higher liver and spleen relative weights, but did not affect lipid profile, weight gain, food intake, or food conversion efficiency. In conclusion, a high-cholesterol diet influences classes of antibodies produced in response to an antigen in a way that can be reversed by oat bran

Effect of low-level phototherapy on delayed onset muscle soreness: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

To determine the effectiveness of low-level phototherapy (i.e. light-emitting diode therapy [LEDtherapy] or light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation therapy [LASERtherapy]) on pain, skeletal muscle injury (creatine kinase [CK] levels and edema) and skeletal muscle function (range of movement and strength) in people undergoing an exercise protocol. (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PEDro, SciELO and LILACS up to May 2014), we included randomized controlled trials, quasi-randomized controlled trials and crossover studies in which study participants were allocated to receive either low-level phototherapy or placebo treatment. Phototherapy should have been applied in a single treatment session, either before or after an exercise protocol. We identified 15 studies involving 317 participants. Meta-analyses were limited by substantial heterogeneity. Compared to the placebo group, reduction in CK levels was only observed when LASERtherapy was applied before an exercise protocol (standardized mean difference = -0.66; 95 % CI = -1.30, -0.02). No between-group difference in edema, range of movement and strength were detected when phototherapy was applied before or after exercise. Evidence from this review suggests that low-level phototherapy may not have substantial effect in the treatment of skeletal muscle injury and pain caused by exercise. Definitive conclusions are limited due to the small number of included studies in each meta-analysis, disparities across the included studies and small sample sizes.

Anti-dentine Salivary SIgA in young adults with a history of dental trauma in deciduous teeth.

Anti-dentin autoantibodies are associated with inflammatory root resorption in permanent teeth and are modulated by dental trauma and orthodontic force. However, it is not known whether deciduous tooth trauma can stimulate the development of a humoral immune response against dentin. The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of salivary SIgA reactivity against human dentin extract in young adults with a history of trauma in the primary dentition. A sample of 78 patients, aged 18 to 25, who had completed an early childhood (0 to 5 years old) caries prevention program years earlier at the Universidade Estadual de Londrina Pediatric Clinic, underwent radiographic examination and salivary sampling. Anti-dentin SIgA levels were analyzed by immunoenzymatic assay and Western blotting. Although dental trauma to deciduous teeth had occurred in 34 (43.6%) of the patients, no differences in SIgA levels were detected between individuals who had experienced trauma and those who had not (p > 0.05). Multivariate regression analysis showed no association between dental trauma and SIgA levels (p > 0.05). Patients with a history of deciduous trauma presented low levels of anti-dentin antibodies, associated with orthodontic root resorption (p < 0.05). Western blot analysis showed that salivary antibodies recognized a single band of approximately 45 kDa in dentin extract. We concluded that salivary SIgA recognizes a specific component of the dentin matrix and that anti-dentin antibodies were not triggered by trauma to primary teeth. However, trauma to deciduous teeth may down-modulate SIgA in response to orthodontic root response.

Efeito da sinvastatina em dose imunossupressora sobre as glândulas salivares e linfonodos cervicais de ratos Wistar / Effects of simvastatin at immunosuppressive dose on salivary glands and cervical lymph nodes of Wistar rats

Objetivo: avaliar a ação de dose imunossupressora da sinvastatina, droga utilizada para o controle da hipercolesterolemia, com efeitos pleiotrópicos anti-inflamatórios, imunomoduladores e antioxidantes, sobre a morfologia das glândulas salivares maiores e linfonodos cervicais de ratos Wistar. Materiais e método: foram utilizados 18 ratos Wistar machos divididos em dois grupos, o grupo controle (Co) (n=6) receberam PBS estéril (i.p), os animais tratados (T7 e T21) (n=12) receberam sinvastatina (10mg/kg, i.p). Os animais foram sacrificados após 7 (T7, n=6 ) e 21 (T21, n=6) dias para avaliação da morfologia das glândulas parótida, submandibular, sublingual e linfonodos cervicais, além de análise de hemograma. Resultados: os grupos T7 e T21 apresentaram ácinos em menor quantidade e com menor área comparado ao grupo Co. Os linfonodos apresentaram menor número de centros germinativos por área no grupo T7; o grupo T21 não apresentou diferença em relação ao grupo Co. A análise hematológica demonstrou linfocitose e neutrofilia apenas aos 7 dias. Conclusão: a administração de sinvastatina em dose imunossupressora pode causar alterações tardias nas glândulas salivares e alterações transitórias nos linfonodos cervicais, podendo causar alteração da sua atividade funcional e protetora sobre as estruturas da cavidade oral.

Anti-dentine Salivary SIgA in young adults with a history of dental trauma in deciduous teeth

Anti-dentin autoantibodies are associated with inflammatory root resorption in permanent teeth and are modulated by dental trauma and orthodontic force. However, it is not known whether deciduous tooth trauma can stimulate the development of a humoral immune response against dentin. The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of salivary SIgA reactivity against human dentin extract in young adults with a history of trauma in the primary dentition. A sample of 78 patients, aged 18 to 25, who had completed an early childhood (0 to 5 years old) caries prevention program years earlier at the Universidade Estadual de LondrinaPediatric Clinic, underwent radiographic examination and salivary sampling. Anti-dentin SIgA levels were analyzed by immunoenzymatic assay and Western blotting. Although dental trauma to deciduous teeth had occurred in 34 (43.6%) of the patients, no differences in SIgA levels were detected between individuals who had experienced trauma and those who had not (p > 0.05). Multivariate regression analysis showed no association between dental trauma and SIgA levels (p > 0.05). Patients with a history of deciduous trauma presented low levels of anti-dentin antibodies, associated with orthodontic root resorption (p < 0.05). Western blot analysis showed that salivary antibodies recognized a single band of approximately 45 kDa in dentin extract. We concluded that salivary SIgA recognizes a specific component of the dentin matrix and that anti-dentin antibodies were not triggered by trauma to primary teeth. However, trauma to deciduous teeth may down-modulate SIgA in response to orthodontic root response.

Caffeine and physical training: effects on cardiac morphology and cardiovascular response.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the morphological structure of cardiac, blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) of rats subjected to physical training with supplementation of caffeine. METHODS: 60 rats were divided into 4 groups: control (CO), control with caffeine (CAF), trained control (TRE) and trained with caffeine (TCAF). All trained groups underwent 4 weeks of swimming, and all caffeine groups were supplemented by voluntary ingestion of caffeine diluted in drinking water. RESULTS: there were no changes to BP and HR between groups. Regarding HRV, there was a decrease in LFnorm (low frequency) and LF/HF ratio (low and high frequency) in TCAF and CAF compared to group (p<0.02 and p<0.03, respectively). An increase occurred in CAF compared to the CO in the component LFnorm (p<0.05). The results also showed an increase in the relative weight of heart in the TRE (p<0.04) and TCAF (p<0.03) compared to CO. CONCLUSION: caffeine did not modify the hemodynamic responses. However, physical training resulted in a decrease in sympathetic response and an increase in relative heart weight.

Caffeine and physical training: effects on cardiac morphology and cardiovascular response / Cafeína e treinamento físico: efeitos na morfologia cardíaca e respostas cardiovasculares

Objective to analyze the morphological structure of cardiac, blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) of rats subjected to physical training with supplementation of caffeine. Methods 60 rats were divided into 4 groups: control (CO), control with caffeine (CAF), trained control (TRE) and trained with caffeine (TCAF). All trained groups underwent 4 weeks of swimming, and all caffeine groups were supplemented by voluntary ingestion of caffeine diluted in drinking water. Results there were no changes to BP and HR between groups. Regarding HRV, there was a decrease in LFnorm (low frequency) and LF/HF ratio (low and high frequency) in TCAF and CAF compared to group (p<0.02 and p<0.03, respectively). An increase occurred in CAF compared to the CO in the component LFnorm (p<0.05). The results also showed an increase in the relative weight of heart in the TRE (p<0.04) and TCAF (p<0.03) compared to CO. Conclusion caffeine did not modify the hemodynamic responses. However, physical training resulted in a decrease in sympathetic response and an increase in relative heart weight. .

Objetivo analisar a histologia cardíaca, a pressão arterial (PA), a frequência cardíaca (FC) e a variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC) de ratos submetidos a treinamento físico e suplementação de cafeína. Métodos sessenta ratos foram divididos em grupos controle (CO), controle suplementado com cafeína (CAF), treinados controle (TRE) e treinados suplementados com cafeína (TCAF). Os grupos de treinamento realizaram natação por quatro semanas, e os grupos de cafeína foram suplementados por ingestão voluntária de cafeína diluída em água. Resultados não houve modificações para PA e FC entre os grupos. Em relação à VFC, houve diminuição nos componentes LFnorm (baixa frequência) e LF/HF (razão baixa e alta frequência) em TCAF em relação a CAF (p<0,02 e p<0,03, respectivamente). Houve também aumento em CAF em relação a CO no componente LFnorm (p<0,05). Os resultados também mostraram aumento no peso relativo do coração em TRE (p<0,04) e TCAF (p<0,03) em relação a CO. Conclusão a cafeína não modificou as respostas hemodinâmicas. Entretanto, a natação diminuiu a resposta simpática e aumentou o peso relativo do coração. .